1- CookeHG,CoxFL,PinedaF,etal.C-shapedcanalconfigurationsinmandibularmo- lars. J Am Dent Assoc 1979;99:836–9. 2-CheungLHM,LowD,CheungGSP.Rootmorphology:astudyofthemandibularsecond molar of ethnic Chinese. Ann Roy Australas Coll Dent Surg 2006;18:47–50. 3-9. ManningSA.Rootcanalanatomyofmandibularsecondmolars:partII—C-shaped canals. Int Endod J 1990;23:40 –5. 4-YangZP,YangSF,LinYC,ShayJC,ChiCY.C-shapedrootcanalsinmandibularsecond molars in a Chinese population. Endod Dental Traumatol 1988;4:160 –3. 5-Mente J, Hage N, Pfefferle T, et al. Mineral trioxide aggregate apical plugs in teeth with open apical foramina: a retrospective analysis of treatment outcome. J Endod 2009;35:1354–8. 6-Lin J, Zeng Q, Wet al. Regenerative Endodontics Versus Apexification in Immature Permanent Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Endod. 2017 Nov;43, PMID: 28864219. 7-. Shabahang S, Torabinejad M, Boyne PP, et al. A comparative study of root-end induction using osteogenic protein-1, calcium hydroxide, and mineral trioxide aggregate in dogs. J Endod 1999;25:1–5. 8-orabinejad M, Parirokh M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review—part II: leakage and biocompatibility investigations. J Endod 2010;36: 190–202.

ـLong, unbranched polysaccharide chains (70-200 sugar residues ) composed of repeating disaccharide sugar units। The repeating disaccharides are linked by 1,4 linkages in βconfiguration.

Highly negatively charged due to sulfate and carboxyl groups.Which attract Na+ions and water.

One of two sugar residues in repeating disaccharide is always an amino sugar and may contain uronic acid
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N-acetylglucosamine
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N-acetylgalactosamine

ـmain groups of GAGs, distinguished by sugar residues, type of linkage between residues and number and location of sulfate groups
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Hyaluronicacid
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Chondroitin4 sulfate and chondroitin6 sulfate
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Dermatansulfate
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Heparansulfate and heparin
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Keratansulfate I, II

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is shown on the left। Antibody opsonization and activation of the complement leads to antibody-dependent, complement-mediated virolysis, phagocytosis directed against free virions or infected cells (only the free virus is shown) are shown on the right। NK, natural killer।

1.Supporting and retaining the cytoplasm (inner cell) and help shape of many organelles within the cell, e.g., mitochondria, ER, Golgi complexes, secretary granules, lysosomes and nuclear membranes.

2. They have selective permeability for:
nutrients inand waste products out.
non-polar molecules and some small polar molecules can cross.
Most polar compounds, e.g. amino acids, must be specifically transported across the membrane by proteins (Transport).

3. Plasma membranes plays roles in cell-cell interactions and transmembrane signaling (e.g. starvation, rise of glucose level).

4-They provide e sites of energies transduction such as photosynthesis and Phosphorylationoxidation